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The area of treatment of sexual disorders has undergone an enormous expansion during the last few decades. The introduction of pharmacological treatment of these disorders (e.g., sildenafil for erectile dysfunction or antidepressants for paraphilias) rekindled the interest of physicians from different disciplines (psychiatrists, urologists, gynecologists) in sexual dysfunctions. Physicians are finding these disorders amenable to pharmacotherapy. However, the new developments in the area of “sexual pharmacology” have unfortunately also led to a biological reductionism in the field. In the past, most physicians viewed the etiology of sexual dysfunctions/disorders as mainly psychological, rooted in internal conflicts, deep-seated anxiety, and so on. In the present time, physicians in many disciplines view sexual dysfunctions as mostly, if not purely, of biological origin and discard any notion of psychological factors in the etiology of sexual problems. The initial hype about the su...

Interpersonal communication does not simply involve the exchange of messages. It essentially involves the creation and exchange of meaning. One important implication of the linear model of communication follows from its concern with ‘the message’. This implies that we can arrive at an accurate and unambiguous statement of whatever was communicated. And it also suggests that we shall be able to verify that statement by checking with the participants as well as any observers present. In fact, this is extremely difficult if not impossible to achieve. Whereas we might not agree that ‘all human behaviour is ambiguous’,10 just about anything anyone says could be interpreted in a number of ways. Luckily this does not happen all of the time or we would live in a chaotic world. For example, how would you interpret the following question from neighbour A: ‘Did you have a good time last night?’ This could be a casual, friendly gesture. But what could it mean? • Is your neighbour behaving g...

Welcome to Problem-Based Behavioral Science and Psychiatry. In this chapter, our aims are to illustrate how the problem-based learning process works so that you can apply it to the other cases in this textbook. The goals of this chapter are: 1. To provide the reader with a guided experience on “how to use this textbook” 2. To review basic principles of problem-based learning and the rationale for why this approach is used 3. To illustrate, with a sample case, the processes of (a) “Progressive disclosure” (b) Identifying facts/problems, hypotheses/differential diagnoses, additional clinical information needed, and learning issues (c) Thinking about underlying neurobiology and other physiological mechanisms to understand the signs and symptoms of a case 4. To review the more generic process of bio-psycho-social-cultural-spiritual formulation, in order to understand the various perspectives offered by patient cases Because a textbook is not the same as a patient encounter or...

The term behavioural sciences encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behaviour through controlled and naturalistic observation, and disciplined scientific experimentation. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioural sciences include psychology, psychobiology, and cognitive science. The term behavioural sciences is often confused with the term social sciences. Though these two broad areas are interrelated and study systematic processes of behaviour, they differ on their level of scientific analysis of various dimensions of behaviour. Behavioural sciences abstract empirical data to investigate the decision processes and communication strategies within and between organisms in a social system. This involves fields like psychology, social neuroscienc...

--> More Information Here A nursing diagnosis is defined as a clinical judgment about individual, family or community responses to actual or potential health problems or life processes which provide the basis for selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse has accountability (NANDA-I, 2009). Accurate and valid nursing diagnoses guide the selection of interventions that are likely to produce the desired treatment effects and determine nurse-sensitive outcomes. Nursing diagnoses are seen as key to the future of evidence-based, professionally-led nursing care and to more effectively meeting the need of patients. In an era of increasing electronic patient health records, standardized nursing terminologies such as NANDA-I, NIC and NOC provide a means of collecting nursing data that are systematically analysed within and across healthcare organizations and provide essential data for cost/benefit analysis and clinical audit. Nursing Diagnoses: Defin...