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This book was written to introduce “the world of the soybean” with respect to its myriad health benefits. A number of excellent review articles and books are available that cover the nutritional and physiological functions of soybean and its products. The editor is, however, not aware of a book in English devoted to the study of soybean, written fully or mostly by Japanese. As many varieties of soybean products have been consumed for many years in East Asia, much knowledge has accumulated there documenting the health benefits of these products. Japan may be the most experienced country in the use of soybean for fermented foods. Advances in analytical methodologies have disclosed the full details of the chemical composition of soybean, and most soybean ingredients exert diverse physiological functions. Numerous Japanese researchers have been working for many years in every aspect of soybeans, and the Fuji Foundation for Protein Research has been established to support these studies. As

Interpersonal communication does not simply involve the exchange of messages. It essentially involves the creation and exchange of meaning. One important implication of the linear model of communication follows from its concern with ‘the message’. This implies that we can arrive at an accurate and unambiguous statement of whatever was communicated. And it also suggests that we shall be able to verify that statement by checking with the participants as well as any observers present. In fact, this is extremely difficult if not impossible to achieve. Whereas we might not agree that ‘all human behaviour is ambiguous’,10 just about anything anyone says could be interpreted in a number of ways. Luckily this does not happen all of the time or we would live in a chaotic world. For example, how would you interpret the following question from neighbour A: ‘Did you have a good time last night?’ This could be a casual, friendly gesture. But what could it mean? • Is your neighbour behaving g

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that was recognized in antiquity. Polyuric states resembling diabetes mellitus were described as early as 1550 BC in the ancient Egyptian papyrus discovered by George Ebers (1). The term ‘diabetes’, which is from the Ionian Greek meaning ‘to pass through‘, was first used by Aretaeus of Cappadocia in the second century AD as a generic description of conditions causing increased urine output (2). The association of polyuria with a sweet-tasting substance in the urine was noted in the fifth to sixth century AD by two Indian physicians, Susruta and Charuka (1,2). The urine of certain polyuric patients was described as tasting like honey, sticky to the touch and attracting ants. Two forms of diabetes could be distinguished in the Indians’ descriptions: one affected older, fatter people and the other thin people who did not survive long; this strongly reminds us the present clinical description of Type 2 and Type 1 diabetes. The term diabetes mellitus, an all

Welcome to Problem-Based Behavioral Science and Psychiatry. In this chapter, our aims are to illustrate how the problem-based learning process works so that you can apply it to the other cases in this textbook. The goals of this chapter are: 1. To provide the reader with a guided experience on “how to use this textbook” 2. To review basic principles of problem-based learning and the rationale for why this approach is used 3. To illustrate, with a sample case, the processes of (a) “Progressive disclosure” (b) Identifying facts/problems, hypotheses/differential diagnoses, additional clinical information needed, and learning issues (c) Thinking about underlying neurobiology and other physiological mechanisms to understand the signs and symptoms of a case 4. To review the more generic process of bio-psycho-social-cultural-spiritual formulation, in order to understand the various perspectives offered by patient cases Because a textbook is not the same as a patient encounter or

Dengue fever (DF) is an old disease; the fi rst record of a clinically compatible disease being recorded in a Chinese medical encyclopaedia in 992. As the global ship- ping industry expanded in the 18th and 19th centuries, port cities grew and became more urbanized, creating ideal conditions for the principal mosquito vector, Aedes aeg ypti. Both the mosquitoes and the viruses were thus spread to new geographic areas causing major epidemics. Because dispersal was by sailing ship, however, there were long intervals (10–40 years) between epidemics. In the aftermath of World War II, rapid urbanization in Southeast Asia led to increased transmission and hyperendemicity. The fi rst major epidemics of the severe and fatal form of disease, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), occurred in Southeast Asia as a direct result of this changing ecology. In the last 25 years of the 20th century, a dramatic global geographic expansion of epidemic DF/DHF occurred, facilitated by unplanned urbani

The term “metabolic syndrome” denotes a clustering of traditional and emerging risk factors for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Moreover, individuals who satisfy the current diagnostic criteria that define the syndrome are also at substantially increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes—itself a coronary heart disease risk equivalent. Central obesity and insulin resistance are core features of the syndrome, which has come to be recognized as a major global threat to vascular health in the 21st century. The time is optimal for a textbook dedicated to this important issue. The metabolic syndrome has adverse implications for many aspects of vascular function ranging from endothelial function, the microvascular tree, medium-sized arteries, and large conduit vessels. Furthermore, gathering evidence suggests that interactions between small and large vessel disease may be more important than perhaps has previously been appreciated. There are fears that the successes in reducing

The first edition of Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing was published in 1964 under the leadership of Lillian Sholtis Brunner and Doris Smith Suddarth. Lillian and Doris pioneered a medical-surgical nursing textbook that has become a classic. Medical-surgical nursing has come a long way since 1964 but continues to be strongly influenced by the expansion of science, medicine, surgery, and technology, as well as a myriad of social, cultural, economic, and environmental changes throughout the world. Nurses must be particularly skilled in critical thinking and clinical decision-making as well as in consulting and collaborating with other members of the multidisciplinary health care team. Along with the challenges that today’s nurses confront, there are many opportunities to provide skilled, compassionate nursing care in a variety of health care settings, for patients in the various stages of illness, and for patients across the age continuum. At the same time,

The term behavioural sciences encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behaviour through controlled and naturalistic observation, and disciplined scientific experimentation. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioural sciences include psychology, psychobiology, and cognitive science. The term behavioural sciences is often confused with the term social sciences. Though these two broad areas are interrelated and study systematic processes of behaviour, they differ on their level of scientific analysis of various dimensions of behaviour. Behavioural sciences abstract empirical data to investigate the decision processes and communication strategies within and between organisms in a social system. This involves fields like psychology, social neuroscienc

Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases comprise clinically evident illness (i.e., characteristic medical signs and/or symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism. In certain cases, infectious diseases may be asymptomatic for much or even all of their course in a given host. In the latter case, the disease may only be defined as a "disease" (which by definition means an illness) in hosts who secondarily become ill after contact with an asymptomatic carrier. An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do not cause illness in a host. Infectious pathogens include some viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. These pathogens are the cause of disease epidemics, in the sense that without the pathogen, no infectious epidemic occurs. The term infectivity describ

An ECG is a way to measure and diagnose abnormal rhythms of the heart, particularly abnormal rhythms caused by damage to the conductive tissue that carries electrical signals, or abnormal rhythms caused by electrolyte imbalances. In a myocardial infarction (MI), the ECG can identify if the heart muscle has been damaged in specific areas, though not all areas of the heart are covered. The ECG cannot reliably measure the pumping ability of the heart, for which ultrasound-based (echocardiography) or nuclear medicine tests are used. It is possible for a human or other animal to be in cardiac arrest, but still have a normal ECG signal (a condition known as pulseless electrical activity). The ECG device detects and amplifies the tiny electrical changes on the skin that are caused when the heart muscle depolarizes during each heartbeat. At rest, each heart muscle cell has a negative charge, called the membrane potential, across its cell membrane. Decreasing this negative charge towards zero,

Asthma (from the Greek ἅσθμα, ásthma, "panting") is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Its diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry. It is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic) where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Treatment of acute symptoms is usually with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist (such as salbutamol) and oral corticosteroids. In very severe cases intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium su

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.People are considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of the person's height in metres, exceeds 30 kg/m2.Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, although a few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness. Evidence to support the view that some obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is limited; on average obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their

The aim of the third edition of the ABC of Breast Diseases is to provide an up to date, concise, well illustrated, and evidence based text that will meet the dual challenges of mana ging the increasing numbers of women who attend breast clinics and the increasing numbers of women who are diagnosed with breast cancer. This edition contains many new illustrations and diagrams. The chapters on screening, adjuvant therapy, clinical trials, and prognostic factors have been completely rewritten, and all other chapters have been extensively revised. The topics of adjuvant therapy and metastatic breast cancer have been extended to cover the explosion of results gained from the many multinational breast cancer trials which have reported since the last edition of this ABC was published. New authors have added their work to that of those who have already contributed to the success of the book. Thanks to Jan Mauritzen my PA who has coordinated the many revisions, to Eleanor Lines. Commissioning

Health informatics  (also called  Health Information Systems ,  health care informatics , healthcare informatics ,  medical informatics ,  nursing informatics ,  clinical informatics , or  biomedical informatics ) is a discipline at the intersection of  information science ,  computer science , and  health care . It deals with the resources, devices, and methods required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health and biomedicine.  Health informatics tools  include not only computers but also  clinical guidelines , formal medical terminologies, and information and communication systems. It is applied to the areas of  nursing ,  clinical care ,  dentistry ,  pharmacy ,  public health , occupational therapy , and ( bio ) medical research . The international standards on the subject are covered by ICS 35.240.80 in which ISO 27799:2008 is one of the core components. Molecular bioinformatics and clinical informatics have converged into the field of t

Patient safety is a new healthcare discipline that emphasizes the reporting, analysis, and prevention of medical error that often leads to adverse healthcare events. The frequency and magnitude of avoidable adverse patient events was not well known until the 1990s, when multiple countries reported staggering numbers of patients harmed and killed by medical errors. Recognizing that healthcare errors impact 1 in every 10 patients around the world, the World Health Organization calls patient safety an endemic concern.Indeed, patient safety has emerged as a distinct healthcare discipline supported by an immature yet developing scientific framework. There is a significant transdisciplinary body of theoretical and research literature that informs the science of patient safety.The resulting patient safety knowledge continually informs improvement efforts such as: applying lessons learned from business and industry, adopting innovative technologies, educating providers and consumers, enhancing

Antenatal care has evolved from a philanthropic service for mothers and their unborn babies to a multiphasic screening programme. Much has been added in the past few years but a lack of scientific scrutiny has meant that little has been taken away. Healthy mothers and fetuses need little high technological care but some screening is desirable to allocate them with confidence to the healthy group of pregnant women. Women and fetuses at high risk need all the scientific help available to ensure the safest environment for delivery and aftercare. The detection and successful management of women and fetuses at high risk is the science of antenatal care; the care of other mothers at lower risk is the art of the subject and probably can proceed without much technology. Midwives are practitioners of normal obstetrics and are taking over much of the care of normal or low-risk pregnancies, backed up by general practitioner obstetricians in the community and by consultant led obstetric teams i

This is an exciting and challenging time for wound care clinicians as a new understanding of the biology of  healing wounds has given rise to many new wound care treatments and therapies. Although we are gaining new knowledge as to the biology of wound healing, “we can no longer care only for the wound itself; we must step back and look at the entire human being who happens to have a wound that needs healing. ”1 Being able to differentiate among the various treatment options, when and how to apply them, in what combinations, and when to change them has indeed become both an art and a science. “With the emergence of more complex products, we will be increasingly required to use these products ppropriately to maximize their impact. As a better understanding of the wound environment becomes available, our ability to tailor our approach and better treat the patient as a whole increases.” Providing quality care for your wound patients starts with an analysis of the patient’s individual