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Asthma (from the Greek ἅσθμα, ásthma, "panting") is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Its diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry. It is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic) where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Treatment of acute symptoms is usually with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist (such as salbutamol) and oral corticosteroids. In very severe cases intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium su...

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.People are considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of the person's height in metres, exceeds 30 kg/m2.Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, although a few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness. Evidence to support the view that some obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is limited; on average obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their ...

The aim of the third edition of the ABC of Breast Diseases is to provide an up to date, concise, well illustrated, and evidence based text that will meet the dual challenges of mana ging the increasing numbers of women who attend breast clinics and the increasing numbers of women who are diagnosed with breast cancer. This edition contains many new illustrations and diagrams. The chapters on screening, adjuvant therapy, clinical trials, and prognostic factors have been completely rewritten, and all other chapters have been extensively revised. The topics of adjuvant therapy and metastatic breast cancer have been extended to cover the explosion of results gained from the many multinational breast cancer trials which have reported since the last edition of this ABC was published. New authors have added their work to that of those who have already contributed to the success of the book. Thanks to Jan Mauritzen my PA who has coordinated the many revisions, to Eleanor Lines. Commissioning...